Several studies have demonstrated the so-called \u201cconcreteness effect\u201d\u2014that is, the superior processing of concrete versus abstract words. This effect has been explained in quantitative terms: concrete concepts have both a verbal and a nonverbal representation, abstract concepts only verbal. However, patients have been described with a reversal of concreteness effect. The most frequent causes are herpes simplex encephalitis and semantic dementia, which typically affect bilaterally anterior temporal regions, often in an asymmetrical way. Abstract concepts are impaired with damage to the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). TMS and direct electrical simulation (DES) studies support the role of the IGF in processing abstract words. Finally, different semantic categories appear to be selectively impaired also for the abstract domain (e.g., emotion, social concepts), suggesting that the concrete\/abstract distinction is insufficient.<\/p>\n
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